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1 MUHAMMAD 570-632 From the 100, a Ranking of the Most Influential Persons in History by Michael H. Hart
1 MUHAMMAD
570-632
From the 100, a Ranking of the Most Influential Persons in History
by Michael H. Hart
My choice of Muhammad to lead the list of the world's most influential persons may surprise some readers and may be questioned by others, but he was the only man in history who was supremely successful on both the religious and secular levels.
Of humble origins, Muhammad founded and promulgated one of the world's great religions, and became an immensely effective political leader. Today, thirteen centuries after his death, his influence is still powerful and pervasive.
The majority of the persons in this book had the advantage of being born and raised in centers of civilization, highly cultured or politically pivotal nations. Muhammad, however, was born in the year 570, in the city of Mecca, in southern Arabia, at that time a backward area of the world, far from the centers of trade, art, and learning. Orphaned at age six, he was reared in modest surroundings. Islamic tradition tells us that he was illiterate. His economic position improved when, at age twenty-five, he married a wealthy widow. Nevertheless, as he approached forty, there was little outward indication that he was a remarkable person.
Most Arabs at that time were pagans, who believed in many gods. There were, however, in Mecca, a small number of Jews and Christians; it was from them no doubt that Muhammad first learned of a single, omnipotent God who ruled the entire universe. When he was forty years old, Muhammad became convinced that this one true God (Allah) was speaking to him, and had chosen him to spread the true faith.
For three years, Muhammad preached only to close friends and associates. Then, about 613, he began preaching in public. As he slowly gained converts, the Meccan authorities came to consider him a dangerous nuisance. In 622, fearing for his safety, Muhammad fled to Medina (a city some 200 miles north of Mecca), where he had been offered a position of considerable political power.
This flight, called the Hegira, was the turning point of the Prophet's life. In Mecca, he had had few followers. In Medina, he had many more, and he soon acquired an influence that made him a virtual dictator. During the next few years, while Muhammad s following grew rapidly, a series of battles were fought between Medina and Mecca. This was ended in 630 with Muhammad's triumphant return to Mecca as conqueror. The remaining two and one-half years of his life witnessed the rapid conversion of the Arab tribes to the new religion. When Muhammad died, in 632, he was the effective ruler of all of southern Arabia.
The Bedouin tribesmen of Arabia had a reputation as fierce warriors. But their number was small; and plagued by disunity and internecine warfare, they had been no match for the larger armies of the kingdoms in the settled agricultural areas to the north. However, unified by Muhammad for the first time in history, and inspired by their fervent belief in the one true God, these small Arab armies now embarked upon one of the most astonishing series of conquests in human history. To the northeast of Arabia lay the large Neo-Persian Empire of the Sassanids; to the northwest lay the Byzantine, or Eastern Roman Empire, centered in Constantinople. Numerically, the Arabs were no match for their opponents. On the field of battle, though, the inspired Arabs rapidly conquered all of Mesopotamia, Syria, and Palestine. By 642, Egypt had been wrested from the Byzantine Empire, while the Persian armies had been crushed at the key battles of Qadisiya in 637, and Nehavend in 642.
But even these enormous conquests-which were made under the leadership of Muhammad's close friends and immediate successors, Abu Bakr and 'Umar ibn al-Khattab -did not mark the end of the Arab advance. By 711, the Arab armies had swept completely across North Africa to the Atlantic Ocean There they turned north and, crossing the Strait of Gibraltar, overwhelmed the Visigothic kingdom in Spain.
For a while, it must have seemed that the Moslems would overwhelm all of Christian Europe. However, in 732, at the famous Battle of Tours, a Moslem army, which had advanced into the center of France, was at last defeated by the Franks. Nevertheless, in a scant century of fighting, these Bedouin tribesmen, inspired by the word of the Prophet, had carved out an empire stretching from the borders of India to the Atlantic Ocean-the largest empire that the world had yet seen. And everywhere that the armies conquered, large-scale conversion to the new faith eventually followed.
Now, not all of these conquests proved permanent. The Persians, though they have remained faithful to the religion of the Prophet, have since regained their independence from the Arabs. And in Spain, more than seven centuries of warfare 5 finally resulted in the Christians reconquering the entire peninsula. However, Mesopotamia and Egypt, the two cradles of ancient civilization, have remained Arab, as has the entire coast of North Africa. The new religion, of course, continued to spread, in the intervening centuries, far beyond the borders of the original Moslem conquests. Currently it has tens of millions of adherents in Africa and Central Asia and even more in Pakistan and northern India, and in Indonesia. In Indonesia, the new faith has been a unifying factor. In the Indian subcontinent, however, the conflict between Moslems and Hindus is still a major obstacle to unity.
How, then, is one to assess the overall impact of Muhammad on human history? Like all religions, Islam exerts an enormous influence upon the lives of its followers. It is for this reason that the founders of the world's great religions all figure prominently in this book . Since there are roughly twice as many Christians as Moslems in the world, it may initially seem strange that Muhammad has been ranked higher than Jesus. There are two principal reasons for that decision. First, Muhammad played a far more important role in the development of Islam than Jesus did in the development of Christianity. Although Jesus was responsible for the main ethical and moral precepts of Christianity (insofar as these differed from Judaism), St. Paul was the main developer of Christian theology, its principal proselytizer, and the author of a large portion of the New Testament.
Muhammad, however, was responsible for both the theology of Islam and its main ethical and moral principles. In addition, he played the key role in proselytizing the new faith, and in establishing the religious practices of Islam. Moreover, he is the author of the Moslem holy scriptures, the Koran, a collection of certain of Muhammad's insights that he believed had been directly revealed to him by Allah. Most of these utterances were copied more or less faithfully during Muhammad's lifetime and were collected together in authoritative form not long after his death. The Koran therefore, closely represents Muhammad's ideas and teachings and to a considerable extent his exact words. No such detailed compilation of the teachings of Christ has survived. Since the Koran is at least as important to Moslems as the Bible is to Christians, the influence of Muhammed through the medium of the Koran has been enormous It is probable that the relative influence of Muhammad on Islam has been larger than the combined influence of Jesus Christ and St. Paul on Christianity. On the purely religious level, then, it seems likely that Muhammad has been as influential in human history as Jesus.
Furthermore, Muhammad (unlike Jesus) was a secular as well as a religious leader. In fact, as the driving force behind the Arab conquests, he may well rank as the most influential political leader of all time.
Of many important historical events, one might say that they were inevitable and would have occurred even without the particular political leader who guided them. For example, the South American colonies would probably have won their independence from Spain even if Simon Bolivar had never lived. But this cannot be said of the Arab conquests. Nothing similar had occurred before Muhammad, and there is no reason to believe that the conquests would have been achieved without him. The only comparable conquests in human history are those of the Mongols in the thirteenth century, which were primarily due to the influence of Genghis Khan. These conquests, however, though more extensive than those of the Arabs, did not prove permanent, and today the only areas occupied by the Mongols are those that they held prior to the time of Genghis Khan.
It is far different with the conquests of the Arabs. From Iraq to Morocco, there extends a whole chain of Arab nations united not merely by their faith in Islam, but also by their Arabic language, history, and culture. The centrality of the Koran in the Moslem religion and the fact that it is written in Arabic have probably prevented the Arab language from breaking up into mutually unintelligible dialects, which might otherwise have occurred in the intervening thirteen centuries. Differences and divisions between these Arab states exist, of course, and they are considerable, but the partial disunity should not blind us to the important elements of unity that have continued to exist. For instance, neither Iran nor Indonesia, both oil-producing states and both Islamic in religion, joined in the oil embargo of the winter of 1973-74. It is no coincidence that all of the Arab states, and only the Arab states, participated in the embargo.
We see, then, that the Arab conquests of the seventh century have continued to play an important role in human history, down to the present day. It is this unparalleled combination of secular and religious influence which I feel entitles Muhammad to be considered the most influential single figure in human history.
http://www.jamaat.net/hart/thetop100.html
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Misquoting Jesus: Kesalahan Penyalinan dalam Perjanjian Baru
SERANGAN BALIK UNTUK INDONESIA.FAITHFREEDOM.ORG (serbuiff)
wikki 10:14 am on 15/08/2012 Permalink |
nih tips mendebat kafirun ala muslimer paling ampuh…Sebuah satire oleh; Ayesha Ahmed
Assalamu’alaikum Warahmatullahi Wabarakatuh
Saudara, meski kita hidup dinegara berpenduduk mayoritas muslim, namun tak dapat dipungkiri bahwa setiap hari kita harus bertemu dengan para kafir yang hidup disekitar kita. Sesekali para kafir ini mencoba mengkritik Islam dan nabi kita. Di sebuah negara Islam, dimana syariat Islam ditegakkan, jika terdapat seseorang yang mengkritik nabi, yang harus kita lakukan hanyalah meneriakkan dengan kencang apa yang ia katakan dan ia akan dimassa oleh orang-orang yang marah, karena berani mengkritik nabi junjungan kita.
Dengan cepat pengkritik itu akan dibunuh, habis perkara. Namun di negeri ini, kita tidak memiliki kenikmatan tersebut. Insya Allah dalam waktu dekat ini, jika syariat Islam ditegakkan, kita tidak akan menghadapi masalah dari para kafir dalam keseharian kita. Namun, untuk sementara waktu sebelum masa itu tiba, berikut ini adalah sebuah pendekatan yang dapat digunakan semua muslim dan muslimah ketika menghadapi kafirun hama pengganggu. Insya Allah manusia-manusia hina itu akan pergi darimu.
Sebuah pertanyaan yang populer adalah: “Mengapa Islam menyerukan kematian bagi kritikus Islam dan para murtadin (exmuslim)?” Tegaskan bahwa info mereka adalah salah. Katakan bahwa itu adalah fitnah!..
Kemudian jika mereka menunjukkan data para kritikus dan para murtadin yang dibunuh oleh muslim, serta mengatakan bahwa “Islam disebarkan lewat pedang”, katakan jika hal itu adalah kebohongan besar yang disebarkan oleh Neo Yahudi, Kristen sayap kanan, dan kafir Hindu, lalu kutip Quran surat Al Baqarah ayat 256: “..tidak ada paksaan dalam Islam”.
Jika kafirun mengutip fatwa jihad Bin Laden tahun 1998 yang juga ditandatangani oleh ulama-ulama top Islam yang menyerukan muslim untuk membunuh orang Amerika di manapun mereka berada, serta mengutip surat Imam Samudra yang mengajak para muslim untuk berjihad dan mati syahid menghabisi para kafir, katakan bahwa mereka (Bin Laden dan Imam Samudra) telah membajak agama Islam yang penuh damai, dan kemudian kutip ayat 5:32 “membunuh satu orang yang tidak berdosa adalah seperti membunuh semua manusia.”
Jika kafirun memberikan respon dengan mengutip ayat-ayat kekerasan dalam Quran, tuduh mereka dengan mengatakan bahwa mereka mengutip ayat sepotong-sepotong di luar konteks hanya untuk mendukung konsep mereka.
Jika ia kemudian mengutip seluruh ayat, ayat sebelum dan sesudahnya, ayat Mekah dan ayat Madinah, serta menegaskan bahwa keseluruhan ayat damai telah dibatalkan oleh ayat kekerasan, maka tuduhlah bahwa terjemahan Quran mereka adalah salah. Jika kafirun membawa 10 bahasa terjemahan berbeda, katakan bahwa arti yang benar hanya dapat dimengerti dalam bahasa Arab.
Jika kafirun mengerti bahasa Arab dengan baik, maka paksa mereka bahwa ayat-ayat tersebut tidak dapat diartikan secara tersurat / literal, melainkan bahwa ayat-ayat tersebut memiliki makna-makna alegoris yang tersirat.
Jika kafirun tidak mau menyerah, katakan bahwa anda tidak dapat mengerti ayat-ayat tersebut tanpa membaca terlebih dulu konteks ayat tersebut melalui hadits dan sirah.
Jika kafirun membawa hadits dan sirah, dan mulai mengutip konteks / latar belakang dari ayat-ayat kekerasan dengan merujuk pada hadits yang menceritakan pemerkosaan, perampokan, pembunuhan, dan pemusnahan suatu golongan bangsa oleh nabi, maka katakan bahwa “semua hadits dan sirah adalah palsu dan sesat, satu-satunya kebenaran hanyalah Quran”.
Jika mereka menanyakan mengapa anda meragukan sejarah yang diriwayatkan oleh sarjana-sarjana muslim seperti Tabari, dan Ishaq, serta meragukan hadist mutawatir dari ahli hadist seperti Bukhari, katakan bahwa mereka (Tabari, Ishaq dan Bukhari) sebenarnya adalah Yahudi yang menyamar sebagai muslim.
Lalu jika kafirun mengatakan bahwa Quran hanyalah buku karangan nabi dan meminta bukti atas kesucian Quran, maka rujuklah kepada sains dalam Quran dan buku yang ditulis oleh Dr Zakir Naik yang menunjukkan keajaiban sains dalam Quran.
Jika kafirun mengatakan bahwa argumen Dr Zakir Naik telah dibuktikan salah oleh banyak ahli sains, dan Zakir Naik tak berani lagi menampakkan batang hidung karena terbongkar kebohongannya, maka katakan bahwa kekalahan Zakir Naik adalah rencana Allah untuk menunjukkan kebenaran Quran, Allah memiliki alasan untuk semua ini.
Jika kafirun kembali menunjukkan banyak kesalahan dan kontradiksi dalam Quran, serta mengutip ayat-ayat yang bertentangan dengan sains, sehingga hal itu memperkuat argumen mereka bahwa Quran bukan berasal dari Allah, karena Tuhan tidak pernah salah, maka segera ganti topik pembicaraan dan tunjukkan balik kesalahan dalam agama lain dan kitab suci mereka.
Jika kafirun masih meneruskan perdebatan, maka lakukan personal attacks, dan caci-maki dia dengan menyebutnya salibis rasis, pantat Yahudi, babi China, atau anjing Hindu.
Jika itu tidak membuat kafirun frustrasi, maka tanyakan kepadanya berapa dia dibayar oleh Yahudi untuk mengotori Islam. Jika kafirun tersebut ternyata sangat keras kepala dan masih ingin untuk melanjutkan debat, maka kutuk dia, semisal dengan mengatakan: “Terbakarlah di neraka”, atau “kamu akan menyesal pada hari kiamat”, atau “Allah akan menyiksamu dalam kuburanmu”, dsb.
Ketika semua cara di atas gagal, ancam dia dengan kekerasan fisik dan akhiri perdebatan dengan sikap triumphalist yang sok menang dan umumkan bahwa anda telah memenangkan perdebatan karena Quran adalah firman Allah. Umumkan kemenangan debat anda sebanyak mungkin di website-website, di pertemuan-pertemuan, dan katakan bahwa anda telah memenangkan perdebatan dengan mudah.
Tentu saja, secara tersembunyi laporkan kafirun tersebut kepada pihak berwajib sebagai penghujat Islam agar dapat dipidanakan. Jika laporan anda ternyata tidak juga ditindaklanjuti, sampaikan identitas kafirun tersebut kepada muslim radikal agar Allah segera menghukum para kafirun itu;
Perangilah mereka, niscaya Allah akan menyiksa mereka dengan (perantaraan) tangan-tanganmu dan Allah akan menghinakan mereka dan menolong kamu terhadap mereka, serta melegakan hati orang-orang yang beriman. (QS 9:14)
Allahu Akbar…Allahu Akbar, kedamaian hanya milik Allah semata.
Wassalamu’alaikum Warahmatullahi Wabarakatuh
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ᵝᴵᴬᴺᴳᴷᴬᴸᴬ 3:54 pm on 26/12/2018 Permalink |
Nubuat Yesaya
Yesαyα 65:3-4. Suku bαngsα yαng menyαkiti hαti-Ku…yαng duduk di kuburαn-kuburαn DAN bermαlαm di DALAM guα-guα…
❶. Nubuαt orαng yg nongkrong DI kuburαn kebukti:
Dαri Aisyαh rα, berkαtα: “Ϻυhαmmαd sering keluαr mαlαm berdoα duduk DI kuburαn.“ (HR.Muslim,1618)
Dαri Ibnu Tαimiyyαh rα, berkαtα: “Syαitαn mαngkαl DI kuburαn mengαjαrkαn sihir KEPADA orαng yαng duduk DI kuburαn pαdα mαlαm hαri.“ (Mαjmu Fαtαwα,19:41)
Qs 2:102…syαitαn-syαitαn itulαh yαng…mengαjαrkαn sihir KEPADA mαnusiα…
❷. Nubuαt orαng yg nginep di DALAM guα kebukti:
Dαri Aisyαh rα, berkαtα: “Wαhyu pertαmα turun sααt Muhαmmαd menyendiri bermαlαm di DALAM guα hirα.“ (HR.Bukhαri,4572)
Dαri Bilαl bin Hαrits rα, sαw bersαbdα: “Aku tempαtkαn jin musyrik di DALAM guα-guα.“ (HR.Thαbrαni,1143)
Bukti αkurαsinyα nubuαt di Alkitαb tulkαgαk…!!