Sejarah kehidupan dan perjuangan Nabi Muhammad
April 19, 2012 — SERBUIFF | Edit
1 MUHAMMAD 570-632 From the 100, a Ranking of the Most Influential Persons in History by Michael H. Hart
1 MUHAMMAD
570-632
From the 100, a Ranking of the Most Influential Persons in History
by Michael H. Hart
My choice of Muhammad to lead the list of the world's most influential persons may surprise some readers and may be questioned by others, but he was the only man in history who was supremely successful on both the religious and secular levels.
Of humble origins, Muhammad founded and promulgated one of the world's great religions, and became an immensely effective political leader. Today, thirteen centuries after his death, his influence is still powerful and pervasive.
The majority of the persons in this book had the advantage of being born and raised in centers of civilization, highly cultured or politically pivotal nations. Muhammad, however, was born in the year 570, in the city of Mecca, in southern Arabia, at that time a backward area of the world, far from the centers of trade, art, and learning. Orphaned at age six, he was reared in modest surroundings. Islamic tradition tells us that he was illiterate. His economic position improved when, at age twenty-five, he married a wealthy widow. Nevertheless, as he approached forty, there was little outward indication that he was a remarkable person.
Most Arabs at that time were pagans, who believed in many gods. There were, however, in Mecca, a small number of Jews and Christians; it was from them no doubt that Muhammad first learned of a single, omnipotent God who ruled the entire universe. When he was forty years old, Muhammad became convinced that this one true God (Allah) was speaking to him, and had chosen him to spread the true faith.
For three years, Muhammad preached only to close friends and associates. Then, about 613, he began preaching in public. As he slowly gained converts, the Meccan authorities came to consider him a dangerous nuisance. In 622, fearing for his safety, Muhammad fled to Medina (a city some 200 miles north of Mecca), where he had been offered a position of considerable political power.
This flight, called the Hegira, was the turning point of the Prophet's life. In Mecca, he had had few followers. In Medina, he had many more, and he soon acquired an influence that made him a virtual dictator. During the next few years, while Muhammad s following grew rapidly, a series of battles were fought between Medina and Mecca. This was ended in 630 with Muhammad's triumphant return to Mecca as conqueror. The remaining two and one-half years of his life witnessed the rapid conversion of the Arab tribes to the new religion. When Muhammad died, in 632, he was the effective ruler of all of southern Arabia.
The Bedouin tribesmen of Arabia had a reputation as fierce warriors. But their number was small; and plagued by disunity and internecine warfare, they had been no match for the larger armies of the kingdoms in the settled agricultural areas to the north. However, unified by Muhammad for the first time in history, and inspired by their fervent belief in the one true God, these small Arab armies now embarked upon one of the most astonishing series of conquests in human history. To the northeast of Arabia lay the large Neo-Persian Empire of the Sassanids; to the northwest lay the Byzantine, or Eastern Roman Empire, centered in Constantinople. Numerically, the Arabs were no match for their opponents. On the field of battle, though, the inspired Arabs rapidly conquered all of Mesopotamia, Syria, and Palestine. By 642, Egypt had been wrested from the Byzantine Empire, while the Persian armies had been crushed at the key battles of Qadisiya in 637, and Nehavend in 642.
But even these enormous conquests-which were made under the leadership of Muhammad's close friends and immediate successors, Abu Bakr and 'Umar ibn al-Khattab -did not mark the end of the Arab advance. By 711, the Arab armies had swept completely across North Africa to the Atlantic Ocean There they turned north and, crossing the Strait of Gibraltar, overwhelmed the Visigothic kingdom in Spain.
For a while, it must have seemed that the Moslems would overwhelm all of Christian Europe. However, in 732, at the famous Battle of Tours, a Moslem army, which had advanced into the center of France, was at last defeated by the Franks. Nevertheless, in a scant century of fighting, these Bedouin tribesmen, inspired by the word of the Prophet, had carved out an empire stretching from the borders of India to the Atlantic Ocean-the largest empire that the world had yet seen. And everywhere that the armies conquered, large-scale conversion to the new faith eventually followed.
Now, not all of these conquests proved permanent. The Persians, though they have remained faithful to the religion of the Prophet, have since regained their independence from the Arabs. And in Spain, more than seven centuries of warfare 5 finally resulted in the Christians reconquering the entire peninsula. However, Mesopotamia and Egypt, the two cradles of ancient civilization, have remained Arab, as has the entire coast of North Africa. The new religion, of course, continued to spread, in the intervening centuries, far beyond the borders of the original Moslem conquests. Currently it has tens of millions of adherents in Africa and Central Asia and even more in Pakistan and northern India, and in Indonesia. In Indonesia, the new faith has been a unifying factor. In the Indian subcontinent, however, the conflict between Moslems and Hindus is still a major obstacle to unity.
How, then, is one to assess the overall impact of Muhammad on human history? Like all religions, Islam exerts an enormous influence upon the lives of its followers. It is for this reason that the founders of the world's great religions all figure prominently in this book . Since there are roughly twice as many Christians as Moslems in the world, it may initially seem strange that Muhammad has been ranked higher than Jesus. There are two principal reasons for that decision. First, Muhammad played a far more important role in the development of Islam than Jesus did in the development of Christianity. Although Jesus was responsible for the main ethical and moral precepts of Christianity (insofar as these differed from Judaism), St. Paul was the main developer of Christian theology, its principal proselytizer, and the author of a large portion of the New Testament.
Muhammad, however, was responsible for both the theology of Islam and its main ethical and moral principles. In addition, he played the key role in proselytizing the new faith, and in establishing the religious practices of Islam. Moreover, he is the author of the Moslem holy scriptures, the Koran, a collection of certain of Muhammad's insights that he believed had been directly revealed to him by Allah. Most of these utterances were copied more or less faithfully during Muhammad's lifetime and were collected together in authoritative form not long after his death. The Koran therefore, closely represents Muhammad's ideas and teachings and to a considerable extent his exact words. No such detailed compilation of the teachings of Christ has survived. Since the Koran is at least as important to Moslems as the Bible is to Christians, the influence of Muhammed through the medium of the Koran has been enormous It is probable that the relative influence of Muhammad on Islam has been larger than the combined influence of Jesus Christ and St. Paul on Christianity. On the purely religious level, then, it seems likely that Muhammad has been as influential in human history as Jesus.
Furthermore, Muhammad (unlike Jesus) was a secular as well as a religious leader. In fact, as the driving force behind the Arab conquests, he may well rank as the most influential political leader of all time.
Of many important historical events, one might say that they were inevitable and would have occurred even without the particular political leader who guided them. For example, the South American colonies would probably have won their independence from Spain even if Simon Bolivar had never lived. But this cannot be said of the Arab conquests. Nothing similar had occurred before Muhammad, and there is no reason to believe that the conquests would have been achieved without him. The only comparable conquests in human history are those of the Mongols in the thirteenth century, which were primarily due to the influence of Genghis Khan. These conquests, however, though more extensive than those of the Arabs, did not prove permanent, and today the only areas occupied by the Mongols are those that they held prior to the time of Genghis Khan.
It is far different with the conquests of the Arabs. From Iraq to Morocco, there extends a whole chain of Arab nations united not merely by their faith in Islam, but also by their Arabic language, history, and culture. The centrality of the Koran in the Moslem religion and the fact that it is written in Arabic have probably prevented the Arab language from breaking up into mutually unintelligible dialects, which might otherwise have occurred in the intervening thirteen centuries. Differences and divisions between these Arab states exist, of course, and they are considerable, but the partial disunity should not blind us to the important elements of unity that have continued to exist. For instance, neither Iran nor Indonesia, both oil-producing states and both Islamic in religion, joined in the oil embargo of the winter of 1973-74. It is no coincidence that all of the Arab states, and only the Arab states, participated in the embargo.
We see, then, that the Arab conquests of the seventh century have continued to play an important role in human history, down to the present day. It is this unparalleled combination of secular and religious influence which I feel entitles Muhammad to be considered the most influential single figure in human history.
http://www.jamaat.net/hart/thetop100.html
April 19, 2012 — SERBUIFF | Edit
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camar 4:59 pm on 26/07/2012 Permalink |
uhammad Susah Melepaskan Diri
dari Agama Asalnya
by Ayesha Ahmed (01 May, 2007)
Sang nabi besar kita memilih cara-cara ibadah dari seluruh agama besar di jamannya sehingga semua Muslim dapat menerima anugrah dari tuhan masing-masing agama. Karena dia lahir sebagai pagan (Hindu), maka sudah jelas agama Hindulah yang terdekat di hatinya. Karena itulah dia tidak dapat tidak memilih Dewa Bulan, salah satu dewa dalam agama Hindu sebagai Tuhan dalam Islam dan bulan sebagai simbol Islam.
“Umat Hindu menyebut Dewi Bulan Durga sebagai “Allah” bagi lafal ibadah dalam bahasa Sankrit sejak jaman awal Hinduisme.” – referensi: Kaaba adalah Kuil Hindu.
Muhammad juga memilih kuil Dewa Siva agama Hindu yakni Ka’bah (yang dibangun oleh Raja Vikramaditya bagi sang Dewa Bulan Siva) sebagai tempat tersuci dan menuntut semua Muslim sholat dan menyembah ke arahnya. Sebagai tambahan, dia memilih ibadah Hindu naik haji sebagai bentuk ibadah termulia dan satu-satunya ibadah yang dapat menghapus semua dosa. Dia memilih batu hitam (Hajar Aswad, yang merupakan simbol lingga (atau alat kelamin), yang dibuat sebagai bagian dari kuil Siva Ka’bah oleh Raja Vikramaditya), sebagai batu paling suci dalam Islam, untuk disentuh dan dicium oleh semua Muslim yang naik haji.
Naskah Raja Vikramadityan yang ditemukan dalam Ka’bah di Mekah merupakan bukti yang tidak dapat disangkal bahwa Jazirah Arabia merupakan bagian dari Kekaisaran India di masa lalu, dan dia yang sangat menjunjung tinggi Deva Siva lalu membangun kuil Siva yang bernama Ka’bah. Naskah penting Vikramaditya ditemukan tertulis pada sebuah cawan emas di dalam Ka’bah di Mekah, dan tulisan ini dicantumkan di halaman 315 dari buku yang berjudul ‘Sayar-ul-Okul’ yand disimpan di perpustakaan Makhtab-e-Sultania di Istanbul, Turki. Inilah tulisan Arabnya dalam huruf latin:
“Itrashaphai Santu Ibikramatul Phahalameen Karimun Yartapheeha Wayosassaru Bihillahaya Samaini Ela Motakabberen Sihillaha Yuhee Quid min howa Yapakhara phajjal asari nahone osirom bayjayhalem. Yundan blabin Kajan blnaya khtoryaha sadunya kanateph netephi bejehalin Atadari bilamasa- rateen phakef tasabuhu kaunnieja majekaralhada walador. As hmiman burukankad toluho watastaru hihila Yakajibaymana balay kulk amarena phaneya jaunabilamary Bikramatum”.
(Page 315 Sayar-ul-okul).
[Note: The title ‘Saya-ul-okul’ signifies memorable words.]
Terjemahan bahasa Indonesianya adalah:
“Beruntunglah mereka yang lahir dan hidup di masa kekuasaan Raja Vikram. Dia adalah orang yang berbudi, pemimpin yang murah hati, berbakti pada kemakmuran rakyatnya. Tapi pada saat itu kami bangsa Arab tidak mempedulikan Tuhan dan memuaskan kenikmatan berahi. Kejahatan dan penyiksaan terjadi di mana-mana. Kekelaman dosa melanda negeri kami. Seperti domba berjuang mempertahankan nyawa dari cakaran kejam serigala, kami bangsa Arab terperangkap dalam dosa. Seluruh negeri dibungkus kegelapan begitu pekat seperti malam bulan baru. Tapi fajar saat ini dan sinar mentari penuh ajaran yang menyejukkan adalah hasil kebaikan sang Raja mulia Vikramaditya yang pimpinan bijaksananya tidak melupakan kami – yang adalah orang-orang asing. Dia menyebarkan agamanya yang suci diantara kami dan mengirim ahli-ahli yang cemerlang bersinar bagaikan matahari dari negerinya kepada kami. Para ahli dan pengajar ini datang ke negeri kami untuk berkhotbah tentang agama mereka dan menyampaikan pendidikan atas nama Raja Vikramaditya. Merkea menyampaikan bimbingan sehingga kami sadar kembali akan kehadiran Tuhan, diperkenalkan kepada keberadaanNya yang suci dan ditempatkan di jalan yang Benar.”
Banyak batu-batu bagian dari Ka’bah yang menunjukkan kata-kata Sanskrit yand ditulis di jaman kaum pagan, akan tetapi gorden yang diletakkan di sekeliling Ka’bah menutupi tulisan-tulisan ini.
Hajar-e-Aswad merupakan batu hitam berbentuk oval, dengan diameter 7 inci, tinggi 2 kaki 6 inci, dengan bentuk alat kelamin. Mencium dan berdoa pada batu mewakili doa bagi syahwat dan kesuburan. Ini merupakan tata cara ibadah Arab pagan yang juga dilakukan Muhammad dengan mencium Hajar-e-Aswad, dan berdoa pada shakti (kata hindi untuk kekuatan) agar pria punya kekuatan seksual yang jooozzzz dan kesuburan perempuan yang top pula.
Sahih Bukhari, halaman 396, No. 808
`Umar (semoga Allah memberkatinya) datang mendekat ke Batu Hitam dan menciumnya dan berkata, “Jika aku tidak melihat Rasul Allah menciummu, maka aku tidak akan menciummu.”
Sudah jadi pengetahuan umum bahwa orang-orang Arab pagan yang kaya raya dan makmur jarang berhasil menghamili istri-istrinya sekali atau dua kali dalam hidup mereka. Akibatnya populasi orang kaya ini menurun. Untunglah ada berkat kesuburan dan daya seks tinggi dari mencium dan menyentuh batu hitam. Inilah sebabnya mereka diperbolehkan punya sampai empat istri dan budak-budak seks yang tiada batasnya, sehingga mereka bisa beranak pinak bagaikan kelinci. Tanyakan saja pada orang Perancis kenapa dulu Muslim jumlahnya sangat kecil dan tiba-tiba saja dalam waktu 20 tahun jadi sangat banyak. Jika ini bukan bukti kebudayaan Islam, lalu apa sebabnya dong? (Dr. Zaheer dan Dr. Ghamdi bisa membahas kenyataan ini dalam debates mereka di Faithfreedom.org)
Salah satu tradisi Hindu yang dipertahankan nabi besar kita dari kebudayaan Hindu masa lalunya adalah konsep air suci di masa naik haji gaya Hindu. Menurut tradisi Hindu, air Gangga itu tidak bisa dipisahkan dari lambang Shiva yang berupa bulan sabit. Di mana ada lambang Shiva, maka air suci juga harus ada. Sesuai dengan hal ini, terdapat mata air tak jauh dari Ka’bah. Airnya, yang disebut air Zam-Zam, dianggap suci karena secara tradisional dianggap mewakili air sungai Gangga sejak jaman sebelum Islam.
Muslim pelaku ibadah haji yang pergi ke Ka’bah, menganggap air Zam-Zam itu suci dan memasukkan sebagian air ke dalam botol untuk dibawa pulang. Hal ini sama dengan yang dilakukan umat Hindu di sungai Gangga kalau lagi melakukan ibadah keagamaan. Banyak kaum Muslim yang membasahi kain kafan dengan air Zam-Zam, dan ini sama dengan tradisi agama Hindu kuno yang membasahi jenazah dengan air Gangga yang suci.
Sang Nabi juga mempertahankan ibadah Hindu yang mengelilingi Ka’bah tujuh kali pada saat melakukan ibadah haji. Hal ini pun dilakukan kaum pagan Arab sebagai bagian dari ibadah Hindu sebelum Nabi menaklukkan Mekah. .
Hal lain yang diambil nabi islam ini dari Hinduisme adalah konsep mengapus semua dosa melalui ziarah ke kuil-kuil Hindu di sungai Gangga dan menyelam di air Gangga. Sang Nabi berkata Muslim dapat menghapus semua dosa dengan berziarah ke Ka’bah dan meminum air suci Zam-Zam. Konsep naik haji ini merupakan win-win situation bagi semua yang bersangkutan. Bayangkan saja, Dewa Shiva akan senang melihat berjuta-juta umat datang, menyembah di kuilnya, mencium lambang alat kelaminnya. Di lain pihak umat yang naik haji termasuk para pembunuh, pedofil, pezinah, perampok dan pemerkosa semuanya bakal senang karena dosa mereka seumur hidup dihapus begitu saja hanya dengan berjalan tujuh kali mengelilingi Ka’bah. Selain itu, para pedagang lokal dan Mualim (pemimpin doa) juga turut bahagia karena kebanjiran nafkah besar.
Muhammad juga mempertahankan kata “Eid” yang diambil dari Hinduisme untuk merayakan terlaksananya ibadah haji di kuil Shiva Ka’bah. Dalam bahasa Sanskrit, Eid berarti menyembah. Kata Islam Eid untuk hari raya ibadah, merupakan kata asli Sanskrit. Kaum Hindu juga sembahyang sepanjang malam pada dewi bulan Durga (auwloh) di malam-malam tertentu yang disebut “Jagratta” dan percaya dengan melakukan doa semalam suntuk maka mereka akan mendapatkan lebih banyak anugrah. Muhammad tidak mau Muslim kehilangan anugrah-anugrah ini sehingga dia mengikutsertakan tiga “Jagratas” dalam Islam, yakni sholat shab-e-Qadar, Shab-e-Barat dan Shab-e-Meraj yang berharga lebih tinggi dibandingkan sholat-sholat biasa. Muslims takwa sholat bagaikan orang gila di malam-malam suci ini untuk meraih bonus berkat extra yang lebih banyak (kebanyakan mereka tidak bisa berjalan lagi keesokan harinya setelah duduk tegak sepanjang malam).
Kesimpulannya, nabi islam ini mengikutsertakan ibadah dan konsep Hindu agar Muslim juga diberkati oleh Dewa Shiva dan Dewi Durga (auwloh), juga oleh Yahweh, Tuhannya Abraham, dan Ahuramazda, tuhannya Zoroastrian, yang ibadahnya juga diambil Muhammad untuk menciptakan agama Al Islam
Read more: http://islamexpose.blogspot.com/2008/01/agama-asal-muhammad.html#ixzz21kU2JEEc
Stain Remover 5:21 pm on 26/07/2012 Permalink |
@camar
Oooh dari link itu rupanya..
Itu tandanya Islam memang mempunyai keterkaitan dengan kepercayaan yang dianut sebelumnya karena Allah adalah Tuhan sejak dulu tetapi kemudian mereka disesatkan. Nabi Muhammad datang dan kembali memurnikan ajaran itu :
Qs. An Najm : 19-23
19. Maka apakah patut kamu (hai orang-orang musyrik) menganggap al Lata dan al Uzza,
20. dan Manah yang ketiga, yang paling terkemudian (sebagai anak perempuan Allah)?
21. Apakah (patut) untuk kamu (anak) laki-laki dan untuk Allah (anak) perempuan?
22. Yang demikian itu tentulah suatu pembagian yang tidak adil.
23. Itu tidak lain hanyalah nama-nama yang kamu dan bapak-bapak kamu mengadakannya; Allah tidak menurunkan suatu keteranganpun untuk (menyembah)nya. Mereka tidak lain hanyalah mengikuti sangkaan-sangkaan, dan apa yang diingini oleh hawa nafsu mereka dan sesungguhnya telah datang petunjuk kepada mereka dari Tuhan mereka.
—
Dan berjihadlah kamu pada jalan Allah dengan jihad yang sebenar-benarnya. Dia telah memilih kamu dan Dia sekali-kali tidak menjadikan untuk kamu dalam agama suatu kesempitan. (Ikutilah) agama orang tuamu Ibrahim. Dia (Allah) telah menamai kamu sekalian orang-orang muslim dari dahulu, dan (begitu pula) dalam (Al Quran) ini, supaya Rasul itu menjadi saksi atas dirimu dan supaya kamu semua menjadi saksi atas segenap manusia, maka dirikanlah sembahyang, tunaikanlah zakat dan berpeganglah kamu pada tali Allah. Dia adalah Pelindungmu, maka Dialah sebaik-baik Pelindung dan sebaik-baik Penolong. ﴾Qs. Al Hajj : 78﴿
Stain Remover 6:32 pm on 26/07/2012 Permalink |
@camar
—
..Dia (Allah) telah menamai kamu sekalian orang-orang muslim dari dahulu…﴾Qs. Al Hajj : 78﴿
Untuk membuktikan-nya mari kita lihat :
Bibel :
Seorang murid tidak lebih dari pada gurunya, tetapi barangsiapa yang telah tamat pelajarannya akan sama dengan gurunya. (Lukas 6:40)
Kata “tamat” dalam ayat diatas berasal dari kata :
κατηρτισμένος = katērtismenos = perfect
Perfect dalam bahasa Ibrani adalah מושלם = Mushlam
—
Bhavishya Purana di Pratisarga Parva III Khand 3 Adhay 3 Shloka 10-27 Maharshi Vyas, dikatakan :
…Karena mereka menentang bangsa-bangsa yang tidak beragama, mereka akan dikenali sebagai Musalman. Aku akan menjadi pengasas agama golongan yang memakan daging ini…”
Cleo Dulany 7:32 am on 27/10/2016 Permalink |
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