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1 MUHAMMAD 570-632 From the 100, a Ranking of the Most Influential Persons in History by Michael H. Hart
1 MUHAMMAD
570-632
From the 100, a Ranking of the Most Influential Persons in History
by Michael H. Hart
My choice of Muhammad to lead the list of the world's most influential persons may surprise some readers and may be questioned by others, but he was the only man in history who was supremely successful on both the religious and secular levels.
Of humble origins, Muhammad founded and promulgated one of the world's great religions, and became an immensely effective political leader. Today, thirteen centuries after his death, his influence is still powerful and pervasive.
The majority of the persons in this book had the advantage of being born and raised in centers of civilization, highly cultured or politically pivotal nations. Muhammad, however, was born in the year 570, in the city of Mecca, in southern Arabia, at that time a backward area of the world, far from the centers of trade, art, and learning. Orphaned at age six, he was reared in modest surroundings. Islamic tradition tells us that he was illiterate. His economic position improved when, at age twenty-five, he married a wealthy widow. Nevertheless, as he approached forty, there was little outward indication that he was a remarkable person.
Most Arabs at that time were pagans, who believed in many gods. There were, however, in Mecca, a small number of Jews and Christians; it was from them no doubt that Muhammad first learned of a single, omnipotent God who ruled the entire universe. When he was forty years old, Muhammad became convinced that this one true God (Allah) was speaking to him, and had chosen him to spread the true faith.
For three years, Muhammad preached only to close friends and associates. Then, about 613, he began preaching in public. As he slowly gained converts, the Meccan authorities came to consider him a dangerous nuisance. In 622, fearing for his safety, Muhammad fled to Medina (a city some 200 miles north of Mecca), where he had been offered a position of considerable political power.
This flight, called the Hegira, was the turning point of the Prophet's life. In Mecca, he had had few followers. In Medina, he had many more, and he soon acquired an influence that made him a virtual dictator. During the next few years, while Muhammad s following grew rapidly, a series of battles were fought between Medina and Mecca. This was ended in 630 with Muhammad's triumphant return to Mecca as conqueror. The remaining two and one-half years of his life witnessed the rapid conversion of the Arab tribes to the new religion. When Muhammad died, in 632, he was the effective ruler of all of southern Arabia.
The Bedouin tribesmen of Arabia had a reputation as fierce warriors. But their number was small; and plagued by disunity and internecine warfare, they had been no match for the larger armies of the kingdoms in the settled agricultural areas to the north. However, unified by Muhammad for the first time in history, and inspired by their fervent belief in the one true God, these small Arab armies now embarked upon one of the most astonishing series of conquests in human history. To the northeast of Arabia lay the large Neo-Persian Empire of the Sassanids; to the northwest lay the Byzantine, or Eastern Roman Empire, centered in Constantinople. Numerically, the Arabs were no match for their opponents. On the field of battle, though, the inspired Arabs rapidly conquered all of Mesopotamia, Syria, and Palestine. By 642, Egypt had been wrested from the Byzantine Empire, while the Persian armies had been crushed at the key battles of Qadisiya in 637, and Nehavend in 642.
But even these enormous conquests-which were made under the leadership of Muhammad's close friends and immediate successors, Abu Bakr and 'Umar ibn al-Khattab -did not mark the end of the Arab advance. By 711, the Arab armies had swept completely across North Africa to the Atlantic Ocean There they turned north and, crossing the Strait of Gibraltar, overwhelmed the Visigothic kingdom in Spain.
For a while, it must have seemed that the Moslems would overwhelm all of Christian Europe. However, in 732, at the famous Battle of Tours, a Moslem army, which had advanced into the center of France, was at last defeated by the Franks. Nevertheless, in a scant century of fighting, these Bedouin tribesmen, inspired by the word of the Prophet, had carved out an empire stretching from the borders of India to the Atlantic Ocean-the largest empire that the world had yet seen. And everywhere that the armies conquered, large-scale conversion to the new faith eventually followed.
Now, not all of these conquests proved permanent. The Persians, though they have remained faithful to the religion of the Prophet, have since regained their independence from the Arabs. And in Spain, more than seven centuries of warfare 5 finally resulted in the Christians reconquering the entire peninsula. However, Mesopotamia and Egypt, the two cradles of ancient civilization, have remained Arab, as has the entire coast of North Africa. The new religion, of course, continued to spread, in the intervening centuries, far beyond the borders of the original Moslem conquests. Currently it has tens of millions of adherents in Africa and Central Asia and even more in Pakistan and northern India, and in Indonesia. In Indonesia, the new faith has been a unifying factor. In the Indian subcontinent, however, the conflict between Moslems and Hindus is still a major obstacle to unity.
How, then, is one to assess the overall impact of Muhammad on human history? Like all religions, Islam exerts an enormous influence upon the lives of its followers. It is for this reason that the founders of the world's great religions all figure prominently in this book . Since there are roughly twice as many Christians as Moslems in the world, it may initially seem strange that Muhammad has been ranked higher than Jesus. There are two principal reasons for that decision. First, Muhammad played a far more important role in the development of Islam than Jesus did in the development of Christianity. Although Jesus was responsible for the main ethical and moral precepts of Christianity (insofar as these differed from Judaism), St. Paul was the main developer of Christian theology, its principal proselytizer, and the author of a large portion of the New Testament.
Muhammad, however, was responsible for both the theology of Islam and its main ethical and moral principles. In addition, he played the key role in proselytizing the new faith, and in establishing the religious practices of Islam. Moreover, he is the author of the Moslem holy scriptures, the Koran, a collection of certain of Muhammad's insights that he believed had been directly revealed to him by Allah. Most of these utterances were copied more or less faithfully during Muhammad's lifetime and were collected together in authoritative form not long after his death. The Koran therefore, closely represents Muhammad's ideas and teachings and to a considerable extent his exact words. No such detailed compilation of the teachings of Christ has survived. Since the Koran is at least as important to Moslems as the Bible is to Christians, the influence of Muhammed through the medium of the Koran has been enormous It is probable that the relative influence of Muhammad on Islam has been larger than the combined influence of Jesus Christ and St. Paul on Christianity. On the purely religious level, then, it seems likely that Muhammad has been as influential in human history as Jesus.
Furthermore, Muhammad (unlike Jesus) was a secular as well as a religious leader. In fact, as the driving force behind the Arab conquests, he may well rank as the most influential political leader of all time.
Of many important historical events, one might say that they were inevitable and would have occurred even without the particular political leader who guided them. For example, the South American colonies would probably have won their independence from Spain even if Simon Bolivar had never lived. But this cannot be said of the Arab conquests. Nothing similar had occurred before Muhammad, and there is no reason to believe that the conquests would have been achieved without him. The only comparable conquests in human history are those of the Mongols in the thirteenth century, which were primarily due to the influence of Genghis Khan. These conquests, however, though more extensive than those of the Arabs, did not prove permanent, and today the only areas occupied by the Mongols are those that they held prior to the time of Genghis Khan.
It is far different with the conquests of the Arabs. From Iraq to Morocco, there extends a whole chain of Arab nations united not merely by their faith in Islam, but also by their Arabic language, history, and culture. The centrality of the Koran in the Moslem religion and the fact that it is written in Arabic have probably prevented the Arab language from breaking up into mutually unintelligible dialects, which might otherwise have occurred in the intervening thirteen centuries. Differences and divisions between these Arab states exist, of course, and they are considerable, but the partial disunity should not blind us to the important elements of unity that have continued to exist. For instance, neither Iran nor Indonesia, both oil-producing states and both Islamic in religion, joined in the oil embargo of the winter of 1973-74. It is no coincidence that all of the Arab states, and only the Arab states, participated in the embargo.
We see, then, that the Arab conquests of the seventh century have continued to play an important role in human history, down to the present day. It is this unparalleled combination of secular and religious influence which I feel entitles Muhammad to be considered the most influential single figure in human history.
http://www.jamaat.net/hart/thetop100.html
ungke, Stain Remover, wikki, and 6 others are discussing. Toggle Comments
SERBUIFF 5:14 pm on 05/10/2011 Permalink |
hanya orang goblok yg mengatakan al quran menjiplak alkitabl..karena jika al quran menjiplak alkitab maka isi al quran akan penuh dengan kontradiksi dan berisi ajaran yg sesat…. lihat aja isi alkitab yg penuh kontradiksi dan isinya yang sesat dg menuhankan yesus…
achmad usman 10:06 am on 14/10/2011 Permalink |
inna nahnu nazzalna dikra wainna lahu lahafidun ( al ayat Alquran )
sesungguhnya kami ( Allah) menurunkan Alquran dan kami pada alquran selalu menjaga…
Allah yg menjaga Alquran, Allah yg berfirman dalam Alquran, Allah menjaga firmanya, Allah kuasa atas kehendaknya, Allah maha tahu atas niat hanba2nya, Allah maha besar……
wikki 11:21 am on 26/07/2012 Permalink |
namun kenyataan allah gagal menjaga firmanya juga sekalian tidak maha tahu juga tidak kuasa atas segala sesuatu.buktinya .ketika kematian baginda rasulullah ada catatan quran termakan oleh kambing .seandainya allah maha tahu maka allah sudah mencegah duluan supaya kambing itu tidak jadi memakan catatan wahyu tersebut. jadi gugurlah semua pernyataan anda.
Stain Remover 4:29 pm on 26/07/2012 Permalink |
@wikki
teler ya mas, kan masih banyak orang yang menghafal Al Qur’an, ikut dimakan kambing nggak mereka itu ?
Al Qur’an itu ada perlombaan membacanya yang berskala internasional…hehehe…versi gaul bibel mau dilombakan nggak ?
SERBUIFF 7:16 am on 18/10/2011 Permalink |
MENJAWAB FAITHFREEDOM INDONESIA
يُرِيدُونَ أَن يُطْفِؤُواْ نُورَ اللّهِ بِأَفْوَاهِهِمْ وَيَأْبَى اللّهُ إِلاَّ أَن يُتِمَّ نُورَهُ وَلَوْ كَرِهَ الْكَافِرُونَ [9:32] Mereka berkehendak memadamkan cahaya (agama) Allah dengan mulut (ucapan-ucapan) mereka, dan Allah tidak menghendaki selain menyempurnakan cahayaNya, walaupun orang-orang yang kafir tidak menyukai.
http://answering-ffi.blogspot.com/
hyper 12:07 pm on 02/11/2011 Permalink |
saya kristianto tidak punya agama skrg; saya mau mendengar penjelasan surat 33:51
51. Kamu boleh menangguhkan menggauli siapa yang kamu kehendaki di antara mereka (isteri-isterimu) dan (boleh pula) menggauli siapa yang kamu kehendaki. Dan siapa-siapa yang kamu ingini untuk menggaulinya kembali dari perempuan yang telah kamu cerai, maka tidak ada dosa bagimu. Yang demikian itu adalah lebih dekat untuk ketenangan hati mereka, dan mereka tidak merasa sedih, dan semuanya rela dengan apa yang telah kamu berikan kepada mereka. Dan Allah mengetahui apa yang (tersimpan) dalam hatimu. Dan adalah Allah Maha Mengetahui lagi Maha Penyantun[1226].
[1226]. Menurut riwayat, pada suatu ketika isteri-isteri Nabi Muhammad s.a.w. ada yang cemburu, dan ada yang meminta tambahan belanja. Maka Nabi Muhammad s.a.w. memutuskan perhubungan dengan mereka sampai sebulan lamanya. Oleh karena takut diceraikan Nabi, maka mereka datang kepada Nabi menyatakan kerelaannya atas apa saja yang akan diperbuat nabi terhadap mereka. Turunnya ayat ini memberikan izin kepada Nabi untuk menggauli siapa yang dikehendakinya dan isteri-isterinya atau tidak menggaulinya; dan juga memberi izin kepada Nabi untuk rujuk kepada isteri-isterinya seandainya ada isterinya yang sudah diceraikannya.
Tuhan berkata:nabi boleh menggauli lagi yg sdh dicerai…mungkinkah Tuhan membolehkan nabi berzina?https://erzal.wordpress.com/kata-serbuiff/#comment-form-wordpress
daniel 7:20 am on 09/11/2011 Permalink |
Dalam kitab suci Al-Qur’an dengan tegas Allah SWT menjamin bahwa Dia-lah yang sanggup menjaga Firman-Nya (kitab suci Al-Qur’an).
Namun disatu sisi Allah yang SWT itu gagal menjaga firman-Nya yang tertulis dalam Kitab-kitab Suci sebelumnya. Mengapa ? Ini terjadi kalau kita berpandangan bahwa Kitab-kitab Suci sebelumnya (Taurat, Zabur, Al-Hikmat dan Injil) telah dipalsukan. Mungkinkah Allah menjadi tidak Maha Kuasa, sehingga Allah tidak Maha Kuasa dalam kurun waktu tertentu, sehingga Allah tidak sanggup menjaga Firman-Nya dalam Kitab Suci yang terdahulu ?
Maha Suci Allah
CIKK 5:04 am on 10/11/2011 Permalink |
@DANIEL ANDA SALAH.
KITAB2 SEBELUM QURAN ITU UNTUK BANI ISRAIL. BUKAN UNTK SELURUH MANUSIA BERBEDA DENGAN QURAN UNTUK SELURUH MANUSIA.
ANDA TAHU SENDIRI SELURUH MANUSIA DIBOHONGI YAHUDI TERUTAMA PEMUKA2 YAHUDI.MEREKA PEMBUNUH PARA NABI.SEPARUH DIBUNUH SEPARUH DIANIAYA.(DISESAH).TERMASUK JESUS DIBUNUH.LALU DIJADIKAN PENEBUS DOSA.KRISTEN KATOLIK MANUT SAJA DIBODOHI.
IBRANI 10
TB10) Dan karena kehendak-Nya inilah kita telah dikuduskan satu kali untuk selama-lamanya oleh persembahan tubuh Yesus Kristus.
BS(10) Yesus Kristus sudah melakukan apa yang dikehendaki Allah dan mempersembahkan diri-Nya sebagai kurban. Dengan persembahan itu, yang dilakukan-Nya hanya sekali saja untuk selama-lamanya, kita semua dibersihkan dari dosa.
10) And in accordance with this will [of God], we have been made holy (consecrated and sanctified) through the offering made once for all of the body of Jesus Christ (the Anointed One).
JESUS JELAS2 DIBUNUH EH SETELAH MATI DIJADIKAN PENEBUS DOSA. GILA NGGA.
SERBUIFF 11:33 pm on 24/04/2012 Permalink |
Keluarga Ingin Pembunuh Livia Dihukum Mati
….Yusni chandra (50), ibunda Livia berharap majelis hakim bisa memberikan hukuman mati terhadap empat terdakwa pembunuh anaknya.
“Saya mau hukuman mati. Kalau tidak keadilan ini tidak sama. Nanti ada yang seperti itu lagi bagaimana,” ujar Yusni di PN Jakbar, Selasa 24 April 2012.Dimata sang ibu, Livia merupakan sosok yang sangat mandiri. Dirinya senang saat mendengar kabar anaknya sudah lulus kuliah dengan nilai yang memuaskan. Ditambahkan Yusni, Livia selalu mengejar beasiswa karena tidak mau menyusahkan orangtuanya.
“Setiap mengingat Livia saya selalu meneteskan air mata,” katanya
http://metro.vivanews.com/news/read/307288-keluarga-ingin-pembunuh-livia-dihukum-mati
menurut saya keinginan ibunya tersebut sangat beralasan dan 14 abad yg lalu al quran yg diturunkan kepada nabi muhaamd sudah menetapkan hukuman yg pantas bagi pelaku pembunuhan lihat :
Hai orang-orang yang beriman, diwajibkan atas kamu qishaash berkenaan dengan orang-orang yang dibunuh; orang merdeka dengan orang merdeka, hamba dengan hamba dan wanita dengan wanita. Maka barangsiapa yang mendapat suatu pemaafan dari saudaranya, hendaklah (yang memaafkan) mengikuti dengan cara yang baik, dan hendaklah (yang diberi maaf) membayar (dia) kepada yang memberi maaf dengan cara yang baik (pula). Yang demikian itu adalah suatu keringanan dari Tuhan kamu dan suatu rahmat. Barangsiapa yang melampaui batas sesudah itu, maka baginya siksa yang sangat pedih.(QS. 2:178) .Dan dalam qishaash itu ada (jaminan kelangsungan) hidup bagimu, hai orang-orang yang berakal, supaya kamu bertakwa.(QS. 2:179)
lebih lengkap lihat : https://erzal.wordpress.com/category/membunuh/
Pejuang Alloh SWT 10:20 am on 19/06/2012 Permalink |
Wah bener-bener pengen gue bunuh tu para pengikut IFF…sekalian penciptanya,,,DEMI ALLOH saya akan bunuh mereka!!!!!sakit hati ini rasanya……
ungke 4:05 pm on 09/08/2012 Permalink |
Islam banget …?
wikki 11:11 am on 26/07/2012 Permalink |
pejuang alloh swt..apa yang membuat anda pengen membunuh para pengikut iff..???bagaimana cara anda membunuh mereka ??? apakah setelah anda bunuh mereka lantas anda mengharapkan syurga yang penuh bidadari???bagaimana seandainya bidadarinya ternyata bohongan..???itukah yang diajarkan quran kepada anda selama ini.??apakah anda tidak ingin berusaha menjawab dan meluruskan seandainyapun ada kekeliruan dalam hal argumen yang dimiliki kafir yang menurut anda salah..
Stain Remover 4:37 pm on 26/07/2012 Permalink |
@wikki
Jangan berandai-andai kayak paulus tentang bagaimana nasibnya jika Yesus tidak bangkit :
1 Korintus 15:17-19
17. Dan jika Kristus tidak dibangkitkan, maka sia-sialah kepercayaan kamu dan kamu masih hidup dalam dosamu.
18. Demikianlah binasa juga orang-orang yang mati dalam Kristus.
19. Jikalau kita hanya dalam hidup ini saja menaruh pengharapan pada Kristus, maka kita adalah orang-orang yang paling malang dari segala manusia.
DAN TIDAK ADA SATU-PUN ORANG YANG MENJADI SAKSI KEBANGKITAN YESUS SECARA LANGUSUNG.
Tetapi ketika mereka melihat dari dekat, tampaklah, batu yang memang sangat besar itu sudah terguling. (Markus 16:4)
Mereka mendapati batu sudah terguling dari kubur itu, (Lukas 24:2)